Plugins¶

edi comes with a few reusable plugins:

LXC/LXD Templates¶

During the root file system assembly edi adds templates to the container image (see LXD Documentation).

The following templates are already predefined:

Hostname¶

This template dynamically adds the /etc/hostname file to the container.

Configuration Example¶

lxc_templates:
  ...
  100_etc_hostname:
    path: lxc_templates/debian/hostname/hostname.yml
  ...

Hosts¶

This template dynamically adds the /etc/hosts file to the container.

Configuration Example¶

lxc_templates:
  ...
  200_etc_hosts:
    path: lxc_templates/debian/hosts/hosts.yml
  ...

LXC/LXD Profiles¶

With the help of profiles a container configuration can be fine tuned in a modular way (see LXD Profile Documentation).

The following profiles have proven to be useful for various projects:

Default Network Interface¶

This profile adds a default network interface to the container named according to the value of edi_lxc_network_interface_name. The interface is of type bridged and its default parent is lxdbr0. To properly deal with legacy or emulated containers please use edibr0 instead of lxdbr0 by setting the general parameter edi_lxc_bridge_interface_name:

Configuration Example¶

general:
  ...
  edi_lxc_bridge_interface_name: edibr0
  ...

...

lxc_profiles:
  ...
  100_lxc_networking:
      path: lxc_profiles/general/lxc_networking/default_interface.yml
   ...

On the bridges matching edibr* checksum offloading gets disabled (e.g. ethtool -K edibr0 tx off). This is to make sure that emulated and legacy containers can get an IPv4 address assigned.

Default Root Device¶

This profile makes sure that the container uses the default storage pool as its root device. Please note that newer LXD versions (>=2.9) require the configuration of a storage pool.

Configuration Example¶

lxc_profiles:
  ...
  200_default_root_device:
    path: lxc_profiles/general/default_root_device/default_root_device.yml
  ...

Privileged Mode¶

This profile will make sure that the container is running in privileged mode.

Configuration Example¶

lxc_profiles:
  ...
  300_privileged:
    path: lxc_profiles/general/security/privileged.yml
  ...

Please note that if a container has one or more shared folders configured it will automatically be turned into privileged mode.

Suppress Init¶

This profile will make sure that the container does not start using systemd but instead uses dumb-init. This is especially useful during the build of a distributable image. During such a build you just want to assemble the image without starting any services.

The following configuration snippet will conditionally enable the usage of dumb-init:

Configuration Example¶

lxc_profiles:
  ...
  400_suppress_init:
    path: lxc_profiles/general/suppress_init/suppress_init.yml
    skip: {{ not edi_create_distributable_image }}
  ...

dumb-init is not part of the default package set during bootstrapping. For this reason you have to add it within the bootstrap section (otherwise the launching of the container will fail):

Configuration Example¶

bootstrap:
  ...
  additional_packages: ["python", "sudo", "netbase", "net-tools", "iputils-ping", "ifupdown", "isc-dhcp-client", "resolvconf", "systemd", "systemd-sysv", "gnupg", "dumb-init"]
  ...

GUI Passthrough¶

Sometimes it is very useful to run an application with a graphical user interface (GUI) within a container and show it on the display of the host system. To achieve this setup a predefined LXC profile can be added to the configuration:

Configuration Example¶

lxc_profiles:
  ...
  500_gui_passthrough:
      path: lxc_profiles/general/gui/passthrough.yml
      skip: {{ edi_create_distributable_image }}
  ...

The passthrough template is a bit more complicated and looks like this:

Passthrough Template¶

name: gui_passthrough
config: {}
{% if edi_current_display is defined and edi_current_display %}
{% if edi_lxd_version is defined and edi_lxd_version.split('.')[0] | int >= 4 %}
description: edi graphical user interface passthrough
devices:
  host-display:
    bind: container
    connect: unix:@/tmp/.X11-unix/X{{ edi_current_display }}
    listen: unix:@/tmp/.X11-unix/X0
    security.gid: {{ edi_current_user_gid }}
    security.uid: {{ edi_current_user_uid }}
    type: proxy
  host-gpu:
    type: gpu
{% else %}
description: edi graphical user interface passthrough - not supported by LXD version
devices: {}
{% endif %}
{% else %}
description: edi graphical user interface passthrough - no display
devices: {}
{% endif %}

edi will automatically try to retrieve the current display setup from the DISPLAY environment variable and pass it to the template as edi_current_display. Please note that this variable might change if multiple users are logged into the same workstation. In such scenarios you can adjust the setup easily by re-applying the command edi lxc configure CONTAINERNAME CONFIG.yml.

Furthermore this feature is only available for installations with LXD versions greater or equal than 4.0. On Ubuntu 18.04 you will need to upgrade your LXD installation to make use of this feature.

Please also note that this feature is only available for containers that run in privileged mode.

Once this profile has been successfully applied to the container, a GUI application can be launched as follows:

ssh IP_OF_CONTAINER
export DISPLAY=:0
someguiapp

To add even more convenience, the development user facilities playbook can be configured to automatically add the export DISPLAY=:0 statement to the ~/.profile file of the container user using the export_display parameter.

Ansible Playbooks¶

edi ships with a few Ansible playbooks that can be re-used in many projects. This playbooks can also serve as an example if you want to write a custom playbook for your own project.

Please take a look at the comprehensive documentation of Ansible if you want to write your own playbook.

Here is a description of the built-in playbooks including the parameters that can be used to fine tune them:

Base System¶

The base system playbook tackles the following tasks:

Setup the lxc container network interface (optional).
Inherit the proxy settings from the host computer (optional).
Perform a basic apt setup.
Add a default user (optional).
Install an openssh server (optional).

The following code snippet adds the base system playbook to your configuration:

Configuration Example¶

playbooks:
  ...
  100_base_system:
    parameters:
      create_default_user: true
      install_openssh_server: true
    path: playbooks/debian/base_system/main.yml
  ...

The playbook can be fine tuned as follows:

Parameters

apply_proxy_settings:: With this boolean value you can specify if the target system shall get a proxy setup. The default value is True and the standard behavior is that the target system will inherit the proxy settings of the host system. However, the proxy settings can be customized according to the table below. If you specify False the target system proxy setup will remain untouched.
configure_lxc_network_interface:: By default (boolean value True) the playbook will add a lxc network interface to the container. If this behavior is not desired, change the setting to False.
lxc_network_interface_manager:: By default edi uses ifupdown to manage the default lxc network interface. Change this value to network-manager if you prefer to setup the default lxc network interface using NetworkManager. Please note that NetworkManager is currently not recommended for digital twin development containers as there are a few glitches that need to be ironed out. Furthermore edi will bring up the lxc network interface using low level commands in case systemd is overruled by dumb-init.
create_default_user:: By default (boolean value False) no additional user gets created. If you need an additional user switch this value to True and fine tune the default user according to the table below.
install_openssh_server:: By default (boolean value False), no ssh server will be installed on the target system. Switch this value to True if you would like to access the system using ssh.
disable_ssh_password_authentication:: By default password authentication is disabled for ssh (boolean value True). If you want to allow password based authentication then switch this value to False but make sure to use a non standard password.
authorize_current_user:: By default (boolean value True) the current host user will be authorized to ssh into the account of the default user. Switch this value to False if the current user shall not be authorized.
ssh_pub_key_directory:: All the public keys (ending with .pub) contained in the folder ssh_pub_key_directory (defaults to {{ edi_project_directory }}/ssh_pub_keys) will be added to the list of authorized ssh keys of the default user.
install_documentation:: By default (value full) the documentation of every Debian package will get installed. Switch this value to minimal if you want to deploy an image with a minimal footprint. Switch this value to changelog if you want to minimize the footprint but keep the changelog of all packages.
translations_filter:: By default all translations contained in Debian packages will get installed (empty filter: ""). To reduce the footprint of the resulting artifacts the number of installed languages can be limited. By choosing the builtin filter "en_translations_only" you can make sure that only English translations will get installed.

The proxy settings can be customized as follows:

Parameters

target_http_proxy:: The http proxy that gets applied to the target system (defaults to {{ edi_host_http_proxy }}).
target_https_proxy:: The https proxy that gets applied to the target system (defaults to {{ edi_host_https_proxy }}).
target_ftp_proxy:: The ftp proxy that gets applied to the target system (defaults to {{ edi_host_ftp_proxy }}).
target_socks_proxy:: The socks proxy that gets applied to the target system (defaults to {{ edi_host_socks_proxy }}).
target_no_proxy:: The proxy exception list that gets applied to the target system (defaults to {{ edi_host_no_proxy }}).

The default user can be fine tuned as follows:

Parameters

default_user_group_name:: The group name of the default user (default is edi).
default_user_gid:: The group id of the default user (default is 2000).
default_user_name:: The user name of the default user (default is edi).
default_user_uid:: The user id of the default user (default is 2000).
default_user_shell:: The shell of the default user (default is /bin/bash).
default_user_groups:: The groups of the default user (default is adm,sudo).
default_user_password:: The initially set password of the default user (default is ChangeMe!). You can adjust this password if needed. Set this password to "*" if you would like to disable password based login. Please note that the playbook will then automatically create a sudoers file to not impair the sudo command.

Base System Cleanup¶

The base system cleanup playbook makes sure that we get a clean distributable image by doing the following tasks:

It removes the openssh server keys (they shall be unique per system).
It removes cached apt data to reduce the artifact footprint.
It finalizes the proxy setup.
It sets the final hostname.

The following code snippet adds the base system cleanup playbook to your configuration:

Configuration Example¶

playbooks:
  ...
  900_base_system_cleanup:
      path: playbooks/debian/base_system_cleanup/main.yml
      parameters:
          hostname: raspberry
  ...

The playbook can be fine tuned as follows:

Parameters

hostname:: Set the hostname within the final artifact (default is edi).
regenerate_openssh_server_keys:: By default the playbook will make sure that the openssh server keys get regenerated (boolean value True). Switch this value to False if you would like to keep the same openssh server keys for all instances that will receive this artifact.
ssh_host_key_backup_folder:: Optionally the ssh host keys can be restored from a folder on the first boot. The restore script will not overwrite existing valid keys in /etc/ssh/. By default this feature is turned off (ssh_host_key_backup_folder is ""). This feature is especially useful if ssh host keys shall be preserved during a complete OS update.
cleanup_proxy_settings:: By default the proxy settings of the resulting artifact will get cleaned up (boolean value True). If you would like to keep the same proxy settings switch this value to False. When set to True, the proxy settings can be fine tuned according to the table below.
document_build_setup:: To document the build setup of the artifact within the artifact set this value to True. As a result the file /usr/share/doc/edi/build.yml will be generated. By default this feature is switched off (boolean value False).
document_installed_packages:: To document the packages of the artifact within the artifact set this value to True. As a result the file /usr/share/doc/edi/packages.yml will be generated. The generated file will contain a list of all packages including version information. It is a snapshot of the available packages after the artifact build and will not get updated when new packages get installed using dpkg or apt. By default this feature is switched off (boolean value False).
package_baseline_source_file:: In order to generate a differential changelog it is possible to add a package baseline file to the resulting artifact. The package baseline file has the same format as /usr/share/doc/edi/packages.yml. If a differential changelog between release n and n+1 is needed, you can copy the file /usr/share/doc/edi/packages.yml from release n to {{ edi_project_directory }}/configuration/documentation/packages-baseline.yml (default value for package_baseline_source_file). The playbook will then make sure that it gets added to artifact n as /usr/share/doc/edi/packages-baseline.yml. The command edi documentation render ... will use this information to restrict the changelog to changes that happened between release n and n+1.

The final proxy settings can be customized as follows:

Parameters

target_http_proxy:: The final http proxy settings (defaults to "").
target_https_proxy:: The final https proxy settings (defaults to "").
target_ftp_proxy:: The final ftp proxy settings (defaults to "").
target_socks_proxy:: The final socks proxy settings (defaults to "").
target_no_proxy:: The final proxy exception list (defaults to "").

Development User Facilities¶

The development user facilities playbook adds the host user (the user that runs edi) to the target system. In case the target system is an LXD container and shared folders are defined, the playbook will make sure that the specified folders are shared between the host system and the LXD container.

The host user will automatically be authorized to ssh into the target system.

The password for the user (same user name as the host user) in the target system will be ChangeMe!.

Please note that this playbook will get skipped entirely when a distributable image gets created (when edi_create_distributable_image is True).

The following code snippet adds the development user facilities playbook to your configuration:

Configuration Example¶

playbooks:
  ...
  200_development_user_facilities:
      path: playbooks/debian/development_user_facilities/main.yml
      parameters:
          export_display: True
  ...

The playbook can be fine tuned as follows:

Parameters

export_display:: If True, add the statement export DISPLAY=:0 to ~/.profile (default is False).

Postprocessing Commands¶

Postprocessing commands can be used to gradually transform an exported LXD container into the desired artifacts (e.g. an image that can get flashed to an SD card).

A typical post processing command can be configured as follows:

Configuration Example¶

postprocessing_commands:
  ...
  100_lxd2rootfs:
      path: postprocessing_commands/rootfs/lxd2rootfs.edi
      require_root: True
      output:
          pi3_rootfs: {{ edi_configuration_name }}_rootfs
  ...

edi will render the file postprocessing_commands/rootfs/lxd2rootfs.edi using the Jinja2 template engine and then execute it. It is a good practice to use this file as a thin shim between edi and the scripts that do the heavy lifting.

The statement require_root: True tells edi that a privileged user (sudo) is needed to execute the command.

Each post processing command shall create at least one (intermediate) artifact that gets specified within the output node. The resulting artifact can be used as an input for the next post processing command.

The specified output can be either a single file or a folder (if multiple files get generated by the command).

The variable edi_input_artifact can be used to locate the artifact that got generated before the post processing commands get called. It contains typically the artifact created by the edi lxc export command.

The post processing commands are implemented in a very generic way and to get an idea of what they can do please take a look at the the edi-pi configuration.

Documentation Steps¶

edi ships with a few Jinja2 templates that can be re-used in many projects. This templates can also serve as an example if you want to write custom templates for your own project.

To develop custom templates and learn more about the Jinja2 rendering context the documentation command can be executed in debug mode:

edi --log=DEBUG documentation render PATH_TO_USR_SHARE_DOC_FOLDER OUTPUT_FOLDER CONFIG.yml

The output of the provided templates is reStructuredText that can be further tweaked and then be transformed into a nice pdf document using Sphinx. For more details please take a look at the edi-pi example configuration.

Please note that you can generate other output formats such as markdown by providing custom templates.

The templates get applied chunk by chunk. The booleans edi_doc_first_chunk and edi_doc_last_chunk can be used within the templates to add a header or a footer where needed.

Index¶

The index template can be used to generate an index file:

Configuration Example¶

documentation_steps:
...
  100_index:
    path: documentation_steps/rst/templates/index.rst.j2
    output:
      file: index.rst
    parameters:
      edi_doc_include_packages: []
      toctree_items: ['setup', 'versions', 'changelog']
...

Setup¶

The setup template can be used to document the build setup:

Configuration Example¶

documentation_steps:
...
  200_setup:
    path: documentation_steps/rst/templates/setup.rst.j2
    output:
      file: setup.rst
    parameters:
      edi_doc_include_packages: []
...

Versions¶

The versions template can be used to document the package versions:

Configuration Example¶

documentation_steps:
...
  300_versions:
    output:
      file: versions.rst
    path: documentation_steps/rst/templates/versions.rst.j2
...

Changelog¶

The changelog template can be used to document the changes of each package:

Configuration Example¶

documentation_steps:
...
  400_changelog:
    path: documentation_steps/rst/templates/changelog.rst.j2
    output:
      file: changelog.rst
    parameters:
      edi_doc_include_changelog: True
      edi_doc_changelog_baseline: 2019-12-01 00:00:00 GMT
      edi_doc_replacements:
      - pattern: '(CVE-[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{4,6})'
        replacement: '`\1 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=\1>`_'
      - pattern: '(?i)[#]*(Closes:\s[#])([0-9]{6,10})'
        replacement: '`\1\2 <https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=\2>`_'
      - pattern: '(?i)[#]*(LP:\s[#])([0-9]{6,10})'
        replacement: '`\1\2 <https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/nano/+bug/\2>`_'
...